ELEVATING the "saint of the gutters" to one of the Catholic Church's highest honours, Pope Francis on Sunday praised Mother Teresa for her radical dedication to society's outcasts and her courage in shaming world leaders for the "crimes of poverty they themselves created".
An estimated 120,000 people filled St Peter's Square for the canonisation ceremony, less than half the number who turned out for her 2003 beatification.
It was nevertheless the highlight of Pope Francis' Holy Year of Mercy and quite possibly one of the defining moments of his mercy-focused papacy.
Francis has been dedicated to ministering to society's most marginal, from prostitutes to prisoners, refugees to the homeless.
In that way, while the canonisation of St Teresa of Kolkata was a celebration of her life and work, it was also something of an affirmation of Francis' own papal priorities, which have earned him praise and criticism alike.
"Let us carry her smile in our hearts and give it to those whom we meet along our journey, especially those who suffer," Francis said in his homily.
Born Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxhiu on August 26 1910, St Teresa came to India in 1929 as a sister of the Loreto order.
In 1946, she received what she described as a "call within a call" to found a new order dedicated to caring for the most unloved and unwanted, the "poorest of the poor" in the slums of her adopted city, Kolkata.
The Missionaries of Charity order went on to become one of the most well-known in the world, with more than 4,000 sisters in their trademark blue-trimmed white saris doing as St Teresa instructed "small things with great love".
At the order's Mother House in Kolkata, hundreds of people watched the Mass on TV and clapped with joy when Pope Francis declared her a saint.
They gathered around St Teresa's tomb which was decorated with flowers, a single candle and a photo of the saint.
"I am so proud to be from Kolkata," Sanjay Sarkar, a high school student on hand for the celebration, said.
"Mother Teresa belonged to Kolkata, and she has been declared a saint."
For Pope Francis, St Teresa put into action his ideal of the Church as a "field hospital" for those suffering both material and spiritual poverty, living on the physical and existential peripheries of society.
In his homily, the Pope praised her as the merciful saint who defended the lives of the unborn, sick and abandoned, recalling her strong opposition to abortion which often put her at odds with progressives around the world.
"She bowed down before those who were spent, left to die on the side of the road, seeing in them their God-given dignity," he said.
St Teresa's most famous critic, Christopher Hitchens, has accused her of taking donations from dictators - charges Church authorities deny. Francis chose to emphasise her other dealings with the powerful.
"She made her voice heard before the powers of the world, so that they might recognise their guilt for the crimes of poverty they themselves created," he said, repeating for emphasis "the crimes of poverty."
Hundreds of Missionaries of Charity sisters had front-row seats at the Mass, alongside 1,500 homeless people and 13 heads of state or government and even royalty: Queen Sofia of Spain. For the homeless, Francis offered a luncheon afterwards in the Vatican auditorium, catered by a Neapolitan pizza maker who brought his own ovens for the event.
"Her heart, she gave it to the world," Charlotte Samba (52), a mother-of-three who travelled with a church group from Gabon for the Mass.
"Mercy, forgiveness, good works: It is the heart of a mother for the poor."
While big, the crowd attending the canonisation wasn't even half of the 300,000 who turned out for Mother Teresa's 2003 beatification celebrated by an ailing St John Paul II. The low turnout suggested that financial belt-tightening and security fears in the wake of Islamic extremist attacks in Europe may have kept pilgrims away.
Those fears prompted a huge, 3,000-strong law enforcement presence to secure the area around the Vatican and close the airspace above. Many of those security measures have been in place for the duration of the Jubilee year, which officially ends in November.
While Pope Francis is clearly keen to hold St Teresa up as a model for her joyful dedication to the poor, he was also recognising holiness in a nun who lived most of her adult life in spiritual agony, sensing that God had abandoned her.
According to correspondence that came to light after she died in 1997, St Teresa experienced what the Church calls a "dark night of the soul" – a period of spiritual doubt, despair and loneliness that many of the great mystics experienced. In St Teresa's case, it lasted for nearly 50 years - an almost unheard of trial.
For Fr Brian Kolodiejchuk, the Canadian priest who spearheaded Teresa's saint-making campaign, the revelations were further confirmation of Mother Teresa's heroic saintliness.
He said that by canonising her, Pope Francis is recognising that she not only shared the material poverty of the poor but the spiritual poverty of those who feel "unloved, unwanted, uncared for".
"If I'm going to be a saint, I'm going to be a saint of darkness, and I'll be asking from heaven to be the light of those who are in darkness on Earth," she once wrote.
Francis has never publicly mentioned this "darkness," but he has in many ways modelled his papacy on St Teresa and her simple lifestyle and selfless service to the poor: he eschewed the Apostolic Palace for a hotel room, made welcoming migrants and the poor a hallmark and has fiercely denounced today's "throwaway" culture that discards the unborn, the sick and the elderly with ease.
St Teresa's Missionaries of Charity went on to become a global order of nuns, priests, brothers and lay co-workers.
She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and died in 1997. Soon thereafter, John Paul placed her on the fast-track for sainthood.
Pope Francis has confessed that he was somewhat intimidated by St Teresa, knowing well she was as tough as she was tender. He quipped during a 2014 visit to Albania that he would never have wanted her as his superior because she was so firm with her sisters.
But on Sunday, he admitted that even he would find it hard to call her St Teresa, since her tenderness was so maternal.
"Spontaneously, we will continue to say Mother Teresa," he said to applause.
